Jason (W4LTL) recently found some training materials which are used for FEMA Search & Rescue teams, commonly referred to as a FEMA”Task Force” – such as Nevada Task Force-1 which was deployed in the Katrina disaster (amongst many, many others from around the country). The information provoked me to write about the subject, since many of you will be familiar with the recent disaster in Fukushima, Japan – when a number of heavy rescue teams were deployed from the States, one of which was from Los Angeles (CATF-2 – California Task Force 2). As Amateurs, we will likely encounter these designations and symbology when we respond to a real-life disaster.
Before you read on – a couple of items that may deserve a place in our go-kits (you’ll see why in the paragraphs that follow):
- a can (or two) of International Orange Spray Paint
- a few carpenter chalk sticks or large Magic Markers
..
The reason for sharing this information is as follows:
- Most important – we all need to be SELF-SUFFICIENT for some period of time (typically at least 72 hours) before outside help arrives when a wide-spread disaster strikes (even in the case of the Tornados in Alabama, Tennessee and Georgia), During that time, there is opportunity to do a self-assessment – to insure that our household is accounted-for, to obtain or collect pre-positioned supplies and instruments AND to attend to our friends and neighbors in our immediate area.
- Next, as we do our self-assessment and help others in our immediate area, it would be prudent to mark the structures and areas searched using a STANDARDIZED, FEMA-recognized terminology, such that we reduce the burden to arriving Outside help and enable them to proceed to other buildings, structures or areas that REALLY need their help.
- So, the use of the Standardized, FEMA Terminology and Symbology AVOIDS CONFUSION – something that is not in short supply during a disaster situation. This is precisely why we train for things like Net Control, using standardized scripts and procedures – to avoid confusion when the ^&*( really hits the fan. We need to be able to operate as if the procedures were second nature to us.
- Yes – even though we are Amateur Radio Operators, we are CITIZENS FIRST – and in many ways, First Responders in our neighborhood (regardless if you’re officially CERT Trained or not). In that capacity, it is better that we are FORCE MULTIPLIERS by using standard practices, terminology and symbology.
- In all of this material below, it is important to recognize that you don’t need to be part of a formal FEMA Task Force to be helpful – we can easily substitute FLTF1 (Florida Task Force-1) with WB6RTH – it is only an IDENTIFIER – albeit a FEMA Task Force Identification is more credible, since very few of us are formally trained in things such as building structures – etc..
So, onward with the training materials (excerpted by WB6RTH from the FEMA US&R FOG), however a couple of caveats – (1) I am NOT a certified CERT Trainer, although I am CERT trained and certified, and (2) I am NOT a FEMA trainer, although I have been through much of the FEMA Task Force Training in a previous life:
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The FEMA US&R (Urban Search and Rescue) procedures are based on a document from FEMA called the National Urban Search and Rescue (US&R) Response System – Field Operations Guide (FOG), the latest version dated September 2003. In the document, FEMA describes the National US&R Response System Organization, going from the national level to individual team member roles and responsibilities. Each team is meant to be a self-sufficient organization, with specialists in the areas of Safety, Structures, Information Technologies, Planning, Canine, Technical Search, Rescue, Heavy Equipment and Rigging, Medical, HazMat, Logistics and Communications.
Each team packs it’s own technical equipment, communications and supplies and is dispatched by FEMA Headquarters to support ESF #9 capabilities in the disaster zone. The significance of the US&R standards is that it allows ALL DEPLOYED ESF9 teams to respond in a coordinated and seamless manner.
Structures and Hazards Evaluation
US&R teams approach a building to be searched in the following manner:
- Looking AT the outside front of the building, the front face is designated as SIDE-A, the left side wall is SIDE-B, the rear wall is SIDE-C and the right-side wall is SIDE-D
- When starting a search of the INSIDE of the building, US&R teams will divide the interior into quadrants (if at all practical), with the left-front being Quadrant-A and proceeding in a CLOCKWISE direction to the left-rear, right-rear and finally the right-front being Quadrant-D.
- Multi-story buildings are designated with the ground-floor bing Floor-1 and moving upward (regardless of what elevator buttons might say). Floors below ground are designated B-1, B-2, etc..
When a US&R team begins the assessment of a building, they immediately look for two MAJOR things:
- Is the structure even safe for a US&R team to start search, or will it require a Structure Assessment, then
- Does the structure require a Hazardous Materials assessment (commercial building, factory, etc) – in most cases, residential-only structures may not have as compelling a need for a HazMat assessment – but you can NEVER ASSUME that this is the case.
When initially performing the assessment of a structure, the following are standard procedure:
- A 2-foot by 2-foot square box is outlined at any entrance accessible for entry into the structure. Aerosol cans of spray paint (International Orange color ONLY) will be used for all markings
- All normal entry points to the building should be marked (if practical) so that other Task Force personnel approaching the building can identify it as having been already evaluated and searched.
- Specific markings will be CLEARLY made inside the Orange Box to indicate the condition of the structure and any hazards at the time of the assessment.
- An arrow will be placed next to the box indicated the direction of the safe entrance to the structure, if the markings are not immediately adjacent to the entrance.
- The TIME, DATE and Identifier of the team or Task Force will be noted outside the box at the UPPER RIGHT-HAND SIDE. This information will be made with Carpenter’s Chalk or lumber crayon (not the spray paint, so as to be legible).
- If subsequent assessments are made, they shall be noted with the new TIME, DATE and Identifier with carpenter’s chalk below the original entry, or a new marking box can be used if it invalidates the original information.
The depiction of various markings is as follows:
A completed Building Assessment Designation follows, which indicates the following:
- The building was initially searched on 15-July-1991 at 13:10 local time
- HazMat was found to be present, with Natural Gas being the primary substance
- California Task Force 1 was the group who performed the search
- The building has some structural problems and may require some shoring or bracing
Here is a real-life picture of a Structure and Hazard Assessment
Victim Search
Note that thus far, the assessment is only for the integrity of the Structure, not to potential occupants or victims. This next section pertains to the search of structures for the purpose of identifying, extracting or marking victims.
A separate and distinct marking system is used related to conspicuously denote information related to victims, their location and their status. The marking system is designed to be used IN CONJUNCTION with the Structure and Hazards Evaluation markings (above).
- An “X” that is 2-feet by 2-feet will be made with International Orange Color spray paint. This “X” will be constructed in two separate operations (see below),
- A single SLASH (upper left to lower right) will be drawn upon ENTRY to a structure, along with TIME and IDENTIFIER of the group performing the search,
- A closing SLASH (upper-right to lower-left), will be drawn upon Task Force EXIT from the structure or area,
- Distinct information will be placed into each of the four quadrants of the “X” to clearly denote the search status and results at the time of the assessment. The markings will be made with carpenter chalk, lumber crayon or black Magic Marker
- The LEFT Quadrant will contain the US&R Team Identifier
- The TOP Quadrant will contain the DATE and TIME that the task force personnel LEFT the structure (remember, this is ON EXIT)
- The RIGHT Quadrant will contain the Personnel Hazards (e.g., asbestos, snakes, rats, etc)
- The BOTTOM Quadrant will contain the number of live and dead victims still inside the structure (or “0” – zero if no victims)
- Situation updates are noted as they might be available. Either previous search markings are crossed-out
AND…..
We’ve all heard, read and been indoctrinated to the Incident Command System (ICS), so following are the forms that are used during a typical FEMA Task Force deployment – many of which already apply to us as amateurs:

























